PART 3
Technical Aspects
3.1 Writing Style
The following points should strictly be adhered to when writing a thesis:
- To emphasize on utilizing correct academic style and appropriate and clear idioms and articulations.
- To avoid the use of oratorical style and metaphorical expressions.
- To be structured in passive or referred to by the absent (i.e. it is believed, the researcher believes…etc.), and to avoid using affiliation and pronouns (i.e. I see, it seems to me, I, we…etc.).
- To be structured in a simple and clear language away from complex structures as to avoid vague terms and lengthy sentences. In addition, to limit the use of objectionable phrases as best as possible.
- To rationalize and put in sequence all ideas as to arrange each implicit idea in one separate paragraph with avoidance of elaborating a secondary or marginal idea that is out of the main scope.
- To precisely choose the vocabularies and structures of short sentences, and link them together for an eloquent expression of the idea.
- To exclude emotional argument and inferential envisage with no reference/citation, and to avoid to ridicule or satire people, their beliefs or opinions.
- To reflect the writer’s own style except for literal quotations where otherwise clearly cited.
Adherence to the regulations of quotation is an important matter in writing academic theses as to preserve intellectual property. Quotation is divided into 3 types; quotes by using exact text/passage, quotes by summarization, and quotes by paraphrasing.
- Regulations of ‘Quotes by Exact Text’
- To put the text quoted between a quotation marks “like this” as to avoid mixing and to differentiate between the original text quoted from other sources and the writer’s one.
- To make sure that quoted text is precisely cited.
- Exclusion of part of the quoted text for any reason shall be substituted with dashed dots in place within the quotation marks “…like this…”
- To ensure harmony of the quoted texts so no one text invalidates another.
- In case the quoted text is longer than 6 lines, then it shall be formatted in smaller font than the normal text with the spacing between its lines reduced and the margins narrowed leaving a blank space on both sides of the page.
- Proclaiming the researcher’s identity from between the quoted lines is important via giving preambles, comments, and explanation of the difficult terms.
Note: in referencing the accredited scientists and gurus (Tarjamat Al’alam), or in documenting the sources of Hadith (Takhrij Alhadith), care must be taken to summarize that in synopsis of about 5 lines at most, with citing a maximum of 3 references and sources, except in case the research is core in the documenting and referencing.
- Regulations of ‘Quotes by Summarization’
- To summarize the opinions of other researchers and their results in a few lines, with references and other details mentioned at the end.
- Summarization should not lead to the disruption of the meaning of the original text.
- Regulations of ‘Quotes By Paraphrasing’
- To be in the researcher’s own style of writing.
- To clarify and explain ambiguities and hidden meanings of the original text.
- Paraphrasing should not lead to the disruption of the meaning of the original text.
3.2 Technical Form of the Research
Master’s and PhD researches have certain technical specifications (outer cover, paper size, font size and type, format of paragraphs, words limit, margins, page numbers, etc.) which all should be adhered to by the researcher for a fine draft, as follows:
- Outer Cover (See Appendix 1)
The cover should:
- Display the University Logo upfront centered in the cover
- Have the research title written in gold color, using font type (Traditional Arabic) with size 28 for Arabic language, and Times New Roman with font size 18 for English language.
- Have the researcher’s name written in gold color with font size 18.
- Have the academic degree for which the thesis is submitted written in font size 18; example: Master or PhD in Legal Jurisdiction and Politics.
- Display the faculty name; example: Faculty of Islamic Sciences.
- Display the year of graduation in AH and AD (Hijri and Miladi) separated by a slash; example: 1437هـ/2016م.
- Display at the side of the cover the name of the student, the research title, and the year of submission, all in font size 18. (See Appendix 2)
- Be in dark red color for Master and dark blue for PhD.
- Title Page: (See Appendix 3)
The title page should:
- Immediately follow the cover page.
- Display the research title in black color, font (Traditional Arabic) size 24, for Arabic language, and (Times New Roman) size 18 for English.
- Display the student’s name, Matric number, in font size 18 for Arabic, and 12 for English.
- Include, based on the registered program structure, one of the following statements:
- A supplementary research thesis submitted for the degree of master in Fiqh (font size 18).
- A research thesis submitted for the degree of master or PhD in Usol Al-Fiqh.
- A final year project submitted for the degree of master in Legal Jurisdiction and Politics.
- Include the supervisor’s name in font size 18 for Arabic, and 12 for English.
- Include the year and month of submission in AH and AD (Hijri and Miladi) separated by a slash, font size 18 for Arabic and 12 for English; example: Jumadaawal 1437/February 2016, (جمادى الأول 1437 هـ/ فبراير 2016م).
- Paper size
White, size A4 / 80g to be used for all the thesis papers.
- Font size and Type
The font size and type should be:
- In size 18 (Traditional Arabic) in the body paragraphs for Arabic, and size 12 (Times New Roman) for English.
- In size 14 (Traditional Arabic) in the margins for Arabic, and size 10 (Times New Roman) for English.
- In size 14 (Othmanic calligraphy) for Quranic verses in the body and in size 11 in the margin.
- Paragraphs Format
The paragraphs should have:
- A line spacing of (1.0) for Arabic, and of (1.5) for English.
- An indentation of (1.27 cm) in the beginning of each new paragraph first line, except for the first paragraph after a title and the first paragraph in the beginning of a page.
- A space among them (the paragraphs) by clicking on the icon for ‘Paragraph’ Spacing rather than pressing ‘Enter’.
- The numbering in the body as follows:
– Be automatic
– Follow one style of sequence and numbering; student should follow such a sequence (Chapters, sections thereunder, subsections thereunder, the numbers 1,2,3 and alphabets a, b, c thereunder).
- Start at the beginning of the line when putting down an idea or important point.
- Spacing among them (paragraphs) more than between the lines, by clicking on ‘Add Space Before Paragraph’ in the Paragraph icon.
- All text in black with no decorations or frames.
- Writing Limit
Pages number of a thesis may differ based on the program registered. Pages and words number should be as in the table below:
| Words Count |
Max. No. of Pages |
Program |
No. |
| To |
From |
| 100000 |
60000 |
350 Page |
PhD Structure (A) |
1 |
| 60000 |
30000 |
250 Page |
Master Structure (A) |
2 |
| 30000 |
15000 |
130 Page |
Master Structure (B) |
3 |
| 12000 |
10000 |
70 Page |
Master Structure (C) |
4 |
Notes:
- Number of words counts from the beginning of the research introduction, excluding the words in the margins, attachments, tables, and diagrams, while whatever conducted by the researcher is counted.
- Applied empirical researches are accepted even short 20%, provided they fulfill the desired results, as for the faculties: Computer sciences, Admin Sciences, Engineering, Education, and this shall be based on a recommendation from the supervisor, the respective department, and the faculty, which is then solely up to the discretion of the board of the postgraduate studies.
- Margins
For Arabic, the margins should be set such that the right 3.5 cm, the left 1.5 cm, the top 2.5 cm, and the bottom 3.0 cm.
For English, the margins should be set such that the right 2.5 cm, the left 3.8 cm, the top 2.5 cm, and the bottom 2.5 cm.
- Page Numbering
The page numbering should be according to the following:
- Pages to be numbered (from title page to the introduction) using Arabic letters (أ، ب، ج…), for Arabic, and using Roman letters (I, II, III…) for English.
- Pages to be numbered from the introduction till the end using the Indian numbers (1, 2, 3…) for Arabic, and using Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3…) for English.
- All numbers should be placed centered at the bottom of the pages and sized 14.
Notes:
– University logo is placed nowhere except on the hard cover.
– No header or footer notes or remarks shall be included even for the title of the research.
– No titles, headings or subheadings to be put in frames, and no separate pages allocated for subtopics.
– The chapter and its heading are placed centered and adjacent to each other.
– Topics and subtopics are all placed right to the page.
– Only headings should be bolded except what is also specified in the guide like the reference title in the margin and in the list of references.
3.3 The Order of the Research
The layout of the thesis should include the following:
- Title page: (as aforementioned, see appendix 3).
- Basmalah (optional)
To be centered in the middle of a separate page after the title page, using font (Traditional Arabic) size 48.
- Approval Page
To be in a separate page (see appendix 4).
- Referee Panel Page (see appendix 5).
- Declaration in both languages; Arabic and English, each in a separate page. (see appendix 6)
- Copyrights Page (see appendix 7)
- Acknowledgement
To be briefed in no more than one page.
- Abstract in Arabic
To be in the same font as in the main body, structured in one paragraph not exceeding one page with one line is left as line spacing, placed in the top of the page, and through which the researcher is supposed to discuss the research problem, the objectives, the methodology, and the major results obtained in brief.
- Abstract in English
To be in font (Times New Roman) size 12, not exceeding one page, placed at the top (ABSTRACT), thereafter the research title is written.
- Table of Content (see appendix 8)
To be in the same font as in the main body whereby the main and sub-topics are listed according to their respective page numbers, preferably done automatically.
- Lists of Tables, Figures, Equations, Symbols and abbreviations (optional)
- Introduction
- Body
- References
- Appendices, Tables, Figures – if available – such that each appendix is given a number and a title.
Note: unlike in the research plan where the thesis structure (list of details of the topics and subtopics) is included, it shall be excluded from the final draft though.
3.4 Documentation of References and Bibliographies
- For researches in English, documents style ((APA)) is used, as per the already prepared sample for postgraduate students.
- For researches in Arabic, it is either to use documents style ((APA)), as per the already prepared sample for postgraduate students, or to follow one of the two styles below:
– First: footnote referencing style (footnote style).
– Second: author and date style (citing the reference and referring to it in the text)). This style is commonly used nowadays.
First: Citation in the footnotes and the references and bibliographies
It should follow the points below:
- The sources and references used shall be those from the scope of the research, as recent as possible but not older than 5 years of the modern scientific studies.
- When citing in the margins, the following should be considered:
- Citation number shall be put in two raised brackets immediately after the text, like this: (1) (2) (3)
- Separate numbers are allocated for each margin, starting with (1) at the end of the text or a phrase in the main body, and the same number put in the footnote which is not raised but put at the same level of the line. Footnotes numbers are to be placed aligned in sequence beneath each other.
- The footnotes should be put at the bottom of each respective page, whereby the main body is separated than the footnote by a horizontal line (3.5cm in length) with a spacing of one line apart from the body as well as from the footnote. Line spacing of the annotations of the footnote should also be one line apart.
- All footnotes shall start with number (1).
- If one line is insufficient for a footnote, then it shall be continued in a second line, which starts immediately beneath the text, while the immediate space beneath the number should be left blank.
- If the footnote is legthy as such it needs to be completed in the next page, then a hyphen shall be suffixing last at the current page’s, but also prefixing at the beginning of the next page’s margin/footnote; inferring complementary flow.
- Annotations/explanations are sometimes needed to give details of what comes in the body text, they shall not be included though, since they are not essential and may disrupt the context of the idea as a whole. The rule is that they (annotations/explanations) should be included in the appendices in the case they are lengthy, or otherwise in the footnote if they are brief where they should be marked with asterisk (*), for instance. In case another annotation is required in the same page, it shall be marked with a double asterisk (**) and so on. This mark (i.e. the asterisk) shall not then be used for any other purpose.
Note: there shall be a differentiation in citing a reference in Hadith, a reference in any other topic than Hadith, and a reference in dictionaries/thesauruses.
- To cite a reference twice; once in the margin, and another in the list of sources and references that comes last in the thesis.
- Citing a reference, either in the margin or in the list of references, is done starting with the auther’s name, excluding academic honorifics, for example: Mr., Dr., Prof., Sheikh…etc. For citing references in Melayu, the first name of the author shall be started with but not the last name.
- Therein the margin the source/reference title shall immediately be mentioned in the case of literal quotation. For a paraphrased quoted text, the word “See” shall be used just preceeding to the source/reference.
- The list of references must be arranged Alphabetical based on the nickname of the author regardless (ibn, abu, and Al-), accordingly, alshafiai comes before malik and malik comes before ibn nujim… and so on.
- If there are two references to the same author (the same name), looks into the date to writes the oldest to the newest.
Note: Grouping or dividing the sources and references based on the specialty is not accepted, for instance: (fiqh books, aqidah books, language books) and so on.
- If the researcher used the multi-lingual references, he must start the list by subtitle: Arabic references, followed by the Arabic references. Then to write another subtitle: English references, listing down all foreign language references after, to be arranged based on the adopted letters in that language.
- Recently, most of the researchers depending more on the internet, and is not all that there is in the Internet fit to adopt it, but to rely more on well-known sites and acclaimed credible, such as News sites, government sites that end with (gov.), and educational sites that end with (edu), and other useful sites. As for the temporary sites that is totally depending on free hosting, besides, the miserable personal homepages and chat forums, cannot rely on at all. When quoting from the internet it is must to mention:
– The author’s name
– Title of the article
– Page title
– Date of article review
The articles taken from the Internet must be arranged alphabetically according to the author’s name in the list in a separate list of references and sources entitled either side: Internet references, and provides for a review date. Example:
In footnotes:
– albrashidi, “Disintegration of the family”, http://www.mara.gov.om/library/Books/Ausrah1.htm
In the references list:
– albrashidi, mohammed saeed, “Disintegration of the family”, http://www.mara.gov.om/library/Books/Ausrah1.htm , reviewed at: 22/5/2004
- The thesis is to be referenced shortly in the footnotes and detailed in the references list as follows:
- In the footnotes:
– The author’s nick name.
– The title briefly (Bold) for the Arabic references and (italic) for the English references.
– Edition proceeded by the number
– Part number proceeded by the letter C
– Page number proceeded by the letter P
Also, it is allowed to the researcher to combine both the part and page number such as: 1/254 or (1/254).
When a references is repeated again, it is documented by the same way before and not by the phrase “previous reference” unless it is repeated in the same page without a break.
Examples:
- ENGLISH REFERENCES
In the footnotes:
Ambert, devorce, p.12.
In the reference list:
– Ambert, Anne-Marie, Divorce: facts, causes, and consequences, 2nd edition, (Canada: The Vanier Institute of the Family, 2002).
Or
– Ambert, Anne-Marie, 2002, Divorce: facts, causes, and consequences, 2nd edition, Canada: The Vanier Institute of the Family.
- MALAYU REFERENCES
In footnotes:
Haji Mohd Zain, Masuknya Islam, hlm. 12
In the reference list:
– Haji Mohd Zain bin Haji Seruddin, Masuknya Islam Dan Kesan-Kesannya Di Brunei, Cetakan 1, (Brunei Darussalam: Jabatan Hal Ehwal Ugama, 1983).
Or
– Haji Mohd Zain bin Haji Seruddin, 1983, Masuknya Islam Dan Kesan-Kesannya Di Brunei, Cetakan 1, Brunei Darussalam: Jabatan Hal Ehwal Ugama.
- IN THE REFERENCES LIST:
– The nick name of the author
– The full name without the nick name
– Full title (bold) for Arabic references and (italic) for other languages
– The edition proceeded by the number.
– (Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication).
Or
– Author’s nick name
– Full name
– Date of publication
– Full title (bold) for Arabic references and (italic) for other languages
– The edition proceeded by the number.
– Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples:
- ENGLISH REFERENCES
– Ambert, Anne-Marie, Divorce: facts, causes, and consequences, 2nd edition, (Canada: The Vanier Institute of the Family, 2002).
Or
– Ambert, Anne-Marie, 2002, Divorce: facts, causes, and consequences, 2nd edition, Canada: The Vanier Institute of the Family.
- MALAYU REFERENCES
– Haji Mohd Zain bin Haji Seruddin, Masuknya Islam Dan Kesan-Kesannya Di Brunei, Cetakan 1, (Brunei Darussalam: Jabatan Hal Ehwal Ugama, 1983).
Or
– Haji Mohd Zain bin Haji Seruddin, 1983, Masuknya Islam Dan Kesan-Kesannya Di Brunei, Cetakan 1, Brunei Darussalam: Jabatan Hal Ehwal Ugama.
In the absence of edition or place of publication or the publisher or date of publication, th following signs are placed:
- N.E : no edition
- N.PP: no place of publication
- N.P: no publisher
- N.d : no date of publication
Examples:
– Albahoti, Mansour bn younis, explanation of the ultimate wills named primary functions Prevention , n.e , (n.pp: ansar alsunnah al-muhammadiah , 1947)
Or
– Albahoti, Mansour bn younis, 1947, explanation of the ultimate wills named primary functions Prevention, n.e., n.pp: ansar alsunnah al-muhammadiah.
Notes:
- When inferencing by Quranic verse, can be documented in the text right after the verse by writing the sura name and verse number, in which the verses must be written according to uthmanic fonts.
Example:
:﴿ الم ﴿1﴾ ذَٰلِكَ الْكِتَابُ لَا رَيْبَ فِيهِ هُدًى لِّلْمُتَّقِينَ ﴿2﴾ ﴾(surah al-baqarah, verse:1-2) or (1-2 surah albaqarah)
Or in footnotes, surah al-baqarah: verse 51, or surah al-baqarah: part of verse 51, if it is not the whole verse quoted
- When inferencing by books of other religions, to be followed by conventional method the people of those religions in documenting their religious texts. Example:
- The New Testament, the Gospel of Luke, Chapter 5, paragraph 12.
While in the reference list:
– The New Testament, 2nd edition, (Oman: almamadan library,1988)
Or The New Testament, 1988, 2nd edition, Oman: almamadan library.
– When inferencing by authentic hadith it must be documented in the footnotes as follows:
A- The hadith must be referred to the main books of hadith that authenticate the hadith with attribution as the nine books, and it may not be sufficient by dependency sources, such as Treasure workers or collector of Suyuti, Or Neil al-Awtaar, or disclosure of the rough or the carrot and the stick, or other books that transmits from the original books, except if you cannot refer to the original sources.
B- To authenticate the hadith in footnotes: nick name of the classifier must be mentioned proceeded by the phrase “authenticated by” then the classified name proceeded by the word “in” , section ( if the classified book is arranged based on topics) ,bold, then page number , the hadith’s number between brackets if available, then the degree of certainty of the hadith if available. Example:
– authenticated by albukhari, in sunan, prayer book, section of prostrate on seven bones, s1, p410, or (1/410) number (1432), he said: good and true.
C- Documenting the book of hadith in the resources and references list by the detailed usual way as similar to any other book. Example:
– Tirmidhi, Abu Issa Mohamed Benaissa, Sunan, achieve: Ahmed Mohammed Shaker, 2nd edition, (Beirut: Dar revival of Arab heritage, 1985), or
– Tirmidhi, Abu Issa Mohammed bin Isa, 1985, Sunan, achieve: Ahmed Mohammed Shaker, 2nd edition, Beirut: Dar revival of Arab heritage.
D- If the source is glossary of linguistic, the article should be mentioned, as illustrated follow:
Example: alfiruz abdi, dictionary Ocean, 4th edition, article:”passed”,3/75.
The following are examples of documentation at different cases:
- Reference for author or more:
– Alwazni and alrafaea, Principles of Macroeconomics,p55
- In the sources and references list:
– wizani, Khaled Wassef, and Rifai, Ahmed Hussein, Principles of Macroeconomics: Theory and Practice, 4th edition, (Jordan: Dar Wael Publishing, 2001).
– Or wizani, Khaled Wassef, and Rifai Ahmed Hussein 0.2001, Principles of Macroeconomics: Theory and Practice, 4th edition, Jordan: Dar Wael for publication.
- Reference for unknown author:
– Messages of Ikhwan al-Safa and Helan Wafa, c2, p. 14, and (2/14).
– Messages of Ikhwan al-Safa and Helan Wafa, 4th edition, (Beirut: Dar issued for printing, publishing and Dar Beirut, 1376H / 1957).
– Or messages of Ikhwan al-Safa and Wafa Helan, 1376H / 1957, 4th edition, Beirut: Dar Sader for printing, publishing and Dar Beirut.
- Interrogated and translated Source:
– Aljahass, ahkam of Qur’an, 1st edition, c2, p60 or (3/60)
– Aljahass, Ahmed bin Ali, ahkam of Qur’an, investigated by: Mohammad Sadiq Kamhawi 1st edition (Beirut: Dar revival of Arab heritage, 1405).
– Or Aljahass, Ahmed bin Ali, 1405, ahkam of Qur’an, investigated by: Mohammad Sadiq Kamhawi Beirut: Dar revival of Arab heritage.
- Source: seminars, conferences and the like
– The Supreme Council for the Welfare of Arts and Letters and Social Sciences in Egypt, “Al-Ghazali in the ninth centenary of his birth,” p. 56.
– The Supreme Council for the Welfare of Arts and Letters and Social Sciences in Egypt, “Al-Ghazali in the ninth centenary of his birth,” (Cairo: Books Supreme Council for the Welfare of Arts and Letters and Social Sciences, 1382/1962).
– Or the Supreme Council for the Welfare of Arts and Letters and Social Sciences in Egypt, 1382/1962, “Al-Ghazali in the ninth centenary of his birth,” Cairo: Books of the Supreme Council for the care of the arts and social sciences.
- Source of the work of collection and investigation:
– Attar, etiquette of educated and other messages in Islamic education: 20 p.
– Atar, Ahmed Abdul-Ghafoor, (investigation and collection), etiquette ofeducated and other messages in Islamic education, 2nd edition, (Beirut: N.p 1386 AH / 1967), or
– Atar, Ahmed Abdul-Ghafoor (investigation and collection) 1386 / 1967, etiquette of educated and other messages in Islamic education, 2nd edition, Beirut: N.P.
- Source: an article in the journal:
– AL Said, top organization of the State in developing countries, Journal of Management, v2, I 3, p. 14.
– AlSaid, Halim, regulation top of the state in developing countries, Journal of Management, Volume II, Issue III, in January 1970 m, or
– AlSaid, Halim, in January 1970, the organization top of the state in developing countries, Journal of Management, Vol. II, No. III.
- Source: Newspapers:
– Al-Rai newspaper, March 17, 1969, p. 5.
– Al-Rai newspaper, Jordan, March 17, 1969 m, or
– Al-Rai newspaper, March 17, 1969, Jordan.
- dissertation:
– Abdel-Rahman, Poetry and the days of Arabs in pre-Islamic era, Ph.D., p. 23.
– Abdul Rahman, chaste, Poetry and the days of Arabs in pre-Islamic era, Ph.D., Faculty of Arts, (Egypt: Cairo University, 1971), or
– Abdul Rahman, Afif 0.1971, Poetry and the days of Arabs in pre-Islamic era, Ph.D., Faculty of Arts, Egypt: Cairo University.
- Interviews:
- In the list of sources and references:
– Interview with Dr. Haj Cherbana Mtahir bin Haj, dean of the Institute of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Islamic Studies Brunei Darussalam, August 4, 2004 m.
- Manuscripts and documents:
– Sanusi, nice summery in the science of logic, manuscript. 70 p.
Example:
– Sanusi, Mohammed bin Yousef, nice summery in the science of logic, manuscripts at the Library of the University of Jordan, Amman, No. 62.
- Encyclopedia
- An article from Encyclopedia:
Example:
The article author’s family name, first name (year of publication). The title of the article, in: the name of the encyclopedia (c, r). Place of publication: publisher.
Example: On, Ahmed (1999). School libraries in Kuwait, in the cultural circle of knowledge (Vol 3, pp. 501-503). Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
- From an article without author:
As the previous examples, but it should be started with the title.
– Environmental pollution. (1996). In Global Arabic Encyclopedia (Vol 7, pp. 128-130). Riyadh: Foundation work encyclopedia for publication and distribution.
Second: Author and date style:
This style gives brief information about the author, date of publication and page number in parentheses within the text and the rest of the information of the source or reference in the references list. For the reason this system puts the reference within the text, resorting to footnote became rare. The use of appendant requires the introduction of important information related to the text, such as the information about the author.
Copying From author:
- Basic form (initial) to write the references is to put the author name and date of publication in the text as follows:
– The Brown (1998) confirms that …
– The use of PBL method in the classroom (Mohamed Osman, 1990)….
– When there are serpents of South Africa (Edward, 2002(…..
- If citation was literal, the page numbers should be mentioned in the text, and should be written after the date, separated colon, such as:
– Aminuddin (1985: 12) pointed out that “the best course for language acquisition be in the language dye program (immersion) …”
- And when the quotation is more one page it should then be written as follow:
– Abdulrahman, .2010: 12-13). Or
– Abdul Rahman (2010: 12-13)
- Note: The author’s name written in the text must be the same in the list of sources or references.
- Single author
- The author’s name and the date of publication in the specified place must be in the text. And if the author’s name happened to be part of the word, the date will be written in a brackets immediately after the name, example:
– Brown (1998) Inferred … as noted in the research of Wan Rufaei (1990)
- If the name of author is not part of the word, the name and the date of publication should be written in brackets at the end of word before the dot, example:
– Teaching and learning mathematics (shehab, 1980) …
- In cases the name and the date are part of the word; there is no need of brackets, example:
– In a year 1984 Ahmad Shehab made a research about …
- Repeating the publication date is not allowed in the same paragraph, example:
– The results achieved by Shehab (1984) support not this perception. And Shehab also said …
- Co-authoring
- In a case where we have two authors, their names will be written whenever we quote their work in the text, example:
– Abdurazak and Othman have given (1983) a detailed explanation on the influence of society in their papers titled…
- In a case where we have more than two authors, all the names will be written when it is the first time the reference is mentioned in the text. While in the other times we write the first author’s name followed with the word “and others” (without sloping) then the date, example:
– Fasser Stein, Jabola, Rosen, Jerizman and Rock (1984) found that … for the first time.
– Fasser Stein and others (1984) found in their study …
- Mentioning only the name of the first author and the word “and others” if the reference repeats in same paragraph
– Fasser Stein disagrees with others
- Authoring by organizations
- Some organizations name may be use as authors (example of organizations, forums, libraries, government agencies, and a group of some researchers). In this case we write those names complete whenever they are been mentioned in the text. As for the well-known organizations, we can write their complete names for the first time only, and the brief in the times that followed, example:
– The world health organization (w.h.o) (1991) for the first time.
– (w.h.o) (1991) for Subsequent times
- Articles without author
- There are articles without been attributed to any author. We can still quote from these kind of articles in a text of the thesis, with writing the topic of the article inside the text and putting it amongst the list of references and sources. As for the famous articles, it can just be quoted and make mention of it in the text, without putting it the list of references
- Authors with combined names
- When two combined names or more occurred, the second name must be joint to the first or it short form to avoid confusion. Example:
– Khalid Mohammed (1990) and Khaled Youssef (1990) …
– T. Dr.. Los (1959) and B.a. Los (1986) and also found …
– It is acceptable (Los RD, 1989, Los V.o 0.1986)
- Multiple references
- While mentioning two references or more at the same time, a comma must be between the two or amongst them (,) example:
– (Ahmad, 1998, Fadhila, 1990, and Shehab, 1987).
- If an author or two authors or many authors have more a work and they are all be mentioned at once, we distinguish between them by mentioning the date of publication with a comma (,) as follow:
– )Zakaria and others, 1991,1992(
- If an author has two works or many works with the same date of publication, we distinguish amongst them with the following letters:
– (Kennedy, a2003, b2003,)
– (Kennedy, a2003, b2003,) pointed out …
- References without date of publication
- For the work without date, we write the author’s name, followed by a comma n. d. code of “without date” as follows:
– (Khalid, n. d.)
- For the classic works made without date, especially those works translated to different languages, we write the date of publication of the translation after the word “translation” as follows:
– (Aristotle, translation 1931) ….
– Aristotle (translation 1931) …
- For the revised old works without date, we write the date of the revised version after the word “revised” as follows:
– (Ibn Khaldun, revised 1931) .
– Ibn Khaldun (revised 1931) points out
- If you use a copy of the last edition for a reference with the Knowledge about the date of publication of the original version, we write both dates with an italics vector between the two dates, as follows:
– (Isamail, 1989/1999)
– Ismail (1989/1999) made mention about
- Personal Communications
- Personal Communications may be in the form of letters and memos, e-mails or dialogues or similar. This communication shall not be included in the list of sources but it will only be included in the text and writing manual first name followed by the second name then combined “Personal contact” then the date of communication, as follows:
– Govinda Sami (personal communication, January 20, 2004)
– (O. Govinda Sami, personal communication, January 20, 2004) …
- Religious sources
Religious sources meant the Islamic and other religions sources. Islamic sources are the holy Qur’an and the hadith:
- When quoting a verse from the holy Qur’an (Mentioned in p: 24)
- When quoting meaning and concept of the Qur’an, we write the source (Qur’an) followed by the name of the surah the number of the verse as follows :
– Islam has forbidden riba (Qur’an, Al-Baqarah: 152-153)
– Qur’an has confirmed (Baqarah: 275) the sanctity of Riba …
- When quoting a hadith for the first time all the information are required from the source of the hadith; we then write the collectors as the way scientist of hadith agreed up, example: “Muslim” for Muslim bin Hajaj and “Al-Bukhari” for Muhammad bin Ismail, then the title of the book, followed by the date of publication used, example:
– (Muslim, Sahih Muslim, edition 1998)
– (Al-Bukhari, Sahih 0.1967 edition)
- When you quote a hadith in a text of thesis, guided by the following models:
- Collective hadith in one volume
– (Nawawee , Riyad As-saliheen, edition 1988: 124)
- Collective hadith in many volumes with unit numbering of each volume
– (Al-Bukhari, Sahih, vol 4.1967 edition: 34)
- Collective hadith in more than one volume divided to many parts, each part with unit numbering
– (Ibn Majah, Sunan Ibn Majah, Volume 1, Part II, edition 1987: 33)
- And for subsequent references, we write only the name of the collector of the hadith, unless the quoted hadith is from same inclusive. In such case, we write number of the page or the volume and the page or number of the volume, the part, and the page’s number as well after the name, based on the quality of the reference. notice the following:
- Quoting a first specified hadith in the text:
– (Ibn Majah, Sunan Ibn Majah, Volume 1, Part II, edition 1987: 33)
- Next quotation for the same hadith:
– (Ibn Majah).
- Next quotation from the same book but for different hadith:
– (Ibn Majah, 35).
– OR (Abn Mageh folder 2:35).
– (Abn Mageh, Folder2, Part 2:35).
- When quoting other reilgous sources, then you can know the source of the paragraph and the location of the pointed quotation. If the source based on the researcher opinion, then you can mention the location of the statement only. For example, when you want to take quotation from ENJIL BOOK, then you have to follow the following statement:
– (Saint JOUNE, ix:15).
– Saint JOUNE (ix : 15).
- Martyrdom Text:
You have to refere to references, when you write academic thesis; Where can show that how the researcher understand the latest articles that discuss about the same title. There are three methods to use books from different sources:
(a) Reformulation of the idea to enter in a thesis.
(b) To transfer no more than three lines (between 25 to 30 words), quoting literally; to be part of the researcher phrases.
(c) The transfer of a few sentences in a paragraph from the source of parallel lines distinct from the remaining paragraphs (paragraph may not be placed in double quotations in this case).
When using any method of these three methods require, then the researcher must use appropriate method to martyrdom sources within the text and in the list of sources or references. That is why the use of material from sources in a manner unscientific and useless considered theft academy or plagiarism.
- Modulation:
Modulation is the use of material from a particular source; to support the author’s opinion, where redefines the idea of the author in another way, such as: confirmed Abdul Qadir (2003) to the entrance to solve the problems be consistent with the separation of the large number of students… act.
- The direct transfer
The direct transfer is a useful way to enter words, phrases and sentences from the original sources in the text of the letter in support of ideas and promotion. The researcher must be checked when you enter them in the Finder phrases, because introduced cannot be independent, inter itself unless introduced to be a separate paragraph, such as the transport of the Third Kind (c). It should be a page number reference appears in the text of the message does not appear in the list of sources.
- The proper method to make direct transfer
– Abdul Qadir (2000: 345) says that “the chapter, which consists of more than fifty students be appropriate to apply the learning entrance based on overcome problems …”.
– The Author says “the entrance of learning based on problem solving demands of the students to be a certain level of skill,” but despite this is referred to any specific level (Abdul Qadir., 2003: 345).
- Model incorrectly in the transfer of phrases that are independent stand-alone:
– Abdul Qadir (2003: 345) is one of the supporters of the entrance for learning based on problem solving. “The chapter, which consists of more than fifty students, should be appropriated to apply the learning should be based on solv problems …”.
- Transfer long articles.
When transferring substrates from more than three lines that contain long sentences, it is best placed in a separate paragraph be Hamchiha left and right distance of six distances (12 cm approximately), and the distance between the Ostrha the same distance; quite clear that they are not part of the researcher phrases. As long paragraph put this way; there is no longer a need for a paragraph enclosed in double quotes or written italic or slimmer than the rest of the paragraphs line handwriting. The transformation must have sources and list of references together with writing the page number in the reference within the text.
- Tables And Figures:
(a) Tables: Tables consist of columns and rows; These tables can show the date clearly and regular, and then, the tables included will be based on chapters of the research. The researcher should choose a proper and full concept of the title. The tables take digit sequential linked dismissal contained therein; Table (3.5) refers to fifth table from Chapter3.
Tables title must be written under its number, and table reference must be written under the table in the middle of the line as the following: As appendix (9).
When the table prepared by the researcher, then the source should be written by the researcher.
Documenting Table
- Put table number in the top of the table. Tables are number sequentially as the title is placed to the table showing the content.
- In the case of a table in the master’s thesis, it must be the source writes in the bottom of the table and follow the documentation, as the case in the martyrdom of a government source or international institution.
In case,if there is part of tables from the researcher work, then you can add Vltava Text: the researcher (for example) has calculated The percentages.
Example: Source: the researcher calculated Ministry of Planning, Jordan, Economic Development Plan 1973- 1975 national press, Oman, 1975, table 14, p. 50, and the percentages.
(b) Drawing and Graphics:
Using graphs next to tables as a means of explanatory statements, as a way to reduce the large amounts of data and information in a concise and clear format and legible. The forms must be clear, reasonable and appropriate scale, and writing their titles as under tables, other than that the address written down form, as in the appendix (10).
Notes:
- You to mention page number in the text. In case if not found, and then it must converting paragraph.
- Two brackets must be deleted from the date, if the quotation between two brackets; For example,
– (As ROJER said, 2003 Recently),
– and not (As ROJER Saied (2003) Recently).
- The statements that comes from another people, you can just put double quotation like the following:
– QISER saied”veni, vedi, vici”.
- When transporting a classic work, written titles and details of the work in all the text is not written in the list of sources, such as:
– Shakespeare expressed this well when he said “the uses of adversity” ((As you like it)”.
– The words of Abraham Lincoln: “… that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom …”
- Three points placed to indicate something omitted. In addition, put four points between the two sentences referring to the fourth end of the sentence.
- The direct transfer must be literally, ie: it should be the same as stated in the original source, even if it was a mistake, and it permissible to write the word [error] in the transferred text after the error position of the reference to it.
- Coconut highlight some phrases within the text italic or bold, can add to the end of the term transport brackets Kalatien line: [italics added] or [add a thick line.
- When you write Arabic words by Latin language (TRANSLITERATION), then you have to refer to appendix (11).
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